doi:10.3900/fpj.5.6.376.e
Correlation
between force resistance and flexibility of amateur soccer
players’ posterior thigh muscles
Marcelo
Azevedo Lima
profmarcelolima@yahoo.com.br
Vernon
Furtado da Silva
Laboratório de Neuromotricidade II - Universidade
Castelo Branco
vfs@castelobranco.br
Abstract
Based on the theoretical data, muscles can increase the
number of in-series sarcomeres when muscular length is increased.
We hypothesized that people with bigger flexibility could
reveal bigger resistance force in comparison to others with
smaller level of flexibility. We studied 18 volunteers who
were 20-35 years old males. They were submitted to the digital
goniometric test – Fisiometer – and to force
of resistance test. The data was collected from hip articulation
amplitude and the knee repetitions inflection number, using
shipment sets of 25 kg. The data were submitted to the Pearson
correlation test that revealed a small significant correlation
(r= -0.24), which is depicted in the graphic of fourth order
non linear correlation, and provides a better understanding
of the decrease correlation found. The research conclusion
based on the explanation about other variables, can be associated
to the force of resistance output.
KEYWORDS
- flexibility, force of resistance, correlation.
Correlação
entre resistência de força e flexibilidade dos
músculos posteriores de coxa de desportistas amadores
de futebol de campo
Resumo
Considerando-se a previsão teórica de que músculos
podem aumentar o número de sarcômeros em série,
quando o comprimento muscular é aumentado, previu-se
como hipótese a condição de que indivíduos
com maior flexibilidade pudessem revelar maior resistência
de força, comparativamente a outros com menor nível
de flexibilidade; a análise foi realizada da forma
correlacional. Foram estudados 18 indivíduos do gênero
masculino, voluntários, na faixa etária entre
20 e 35 anos. Os mesmos foram submetidos aos testes de: goniometria
digital – Fisiometer – e de resistência
de força. Os dados coletados originaram-se pelo grau
de amplitude da articulação do quadril e o número
de repetições de flexão de joelho, com
uma carga fixa de 25 kg. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste
de correlação de Pearson, que revelou uma correlação
pouco significativa (r= -0,24), sendo ainda apresentado um
gráfico de correlação não linear
de quarta ordem, para o melhor entendimento da baixa correlação
encontrada. A conclusão da pesquisa foi feita em torno
da explicação sobre outras variáveis,
que podem ser associadas à produção de
resistência de força.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
- flexibilidade, resistência de força, correlação.
Correlación
entre la resistência de fuerza y flexibilidad de los
músculos posteriores del musto del jugador de fútbol
de aficionado
Resumen
Basado en los datos teóricos, que músculos
pueden aumentar el en el número de sarcomeres de
serie, cuando la longitud muscular se aumenta. Formamos
una hipótesis la condición de personas con
la flexibilidad más grande podría revelar
la resistencia más grande de la fuerza con respecto
a otros con el nível más pequeño de
la flexibilidad. Estudiamos a 18 voluntarios que tenían
20-35 males de años. Ellos fueron sometidos a la
prueba digital del goniometric – Fisiometer –
y para forzar la prueba de la resistencia. Los datos se
reunieron de La amplitud de la articulación de cadera
y el número de inflexión de repeticiones de
rodilla, utilizando los conjuntos de embarque de 25 kg.
Los datos fueron sometidos a la prueba de la correlación
de Pearson, eso reveló una correlación (r=-0,24)
significativa pequeña, que se representa en el gráfico
de cuarta orden la correlación no lineal, que proporciona
una mejor comprensión de La correlación de
la disminución encontró. La conclusión
de investigación basada en la explicación
acerca de otras variables, puede ser asociada a la producción
de la resistencia de la fuerza.
PALABRAS
CLAVE - flexibilidad, resistencia de la fuerza
, correlación.
INTRODUCTION
The
training of force or training with weights have been used
in the last years, as much as very spread form of exercise,
for athletes that seek an improvement of his performance,
as for no athletes that look to improve his physical form.
However, not always was like this; about half of the century
XX, the exercises of "weight lifting" were predominantly
used by specialists in physical culture, physiculturists,
competitive weight lifters, athletes of field proofs and
some fighters. However, most of the other athletes abstained
of lifting weights, with fear that those exercises could
delay their growth and to increase the muscular volume to
the point of to take them to lose their flexibility to articulate
and movement speed. In compensation, in agreement with Katch
(2003), researches accomplished in the end of the fifties
demonstrated that exercises of muscular invigoration neither
reduced the movement speed nor the flexibility. In the reality,
it happen exactly the opposite, because physiculturists
and elite weight lifters demonstrated exceptional flexibility
to articulate and they didn't present any limitations in
the movement speed.
According to Rasch (1989), a well planned program of progressive
resistance exercises will probably increase the flexibility
besides the normal strips, when the movements are executed
through a complete movement width and when the selected
exercises include both members of antagonistic muscular
groups.
In agreement with Araújo and Araújo (2004),
the flexibility is defined as the maxim passive mobility
of a certain articulation movement, is one of the variables
of the physical fitness related to the health and represents
a fundamental factor for the acting of the body and of the
movement, such in modalities sport or scenic, in that the
grace and the beauty of the movements are relevant.
The muscular force can be defined as the maximum force amount
that a muscle or muscular group can generate in a specific
pattern of movement, and an important physical capacity
is considered for the physical conditioning not only for
athletes, but to no athletes individuals too (KOMI, 2003;
BARAK et at., 2004). Another aspect that should be considered,
when talking about muscular acting, is the located muscular
resistance that, in agreement with Dantas (2003), it is
defined as the muscular capacity to accomplish a great number
of contractions without reducing the movement width, the
frequency, the speed and the execution force.
The flexibility, conjugated with the muscular resistance,
allows to the subject to low the pressure of the daily tasks,
with reduced risk of lesions (ARAGON, 2001).
Kell & Bell (2001) describe that a good operation of
the muscle-skeletal system depends on three components:
muscular force, resistance and flexibility and, if those
components are not maintained, a significant impact can
exist in the physical health and in the well being of the
individuals.
Appropriate levels of muscular force and flexibility are
fundamental for the good muscle-skeletal operation, contributing
to the preservation of muscles and healthy articulations
along the life (ALTER, 1999). Like this, the regular practice
of physical exercises programs turns to the development
or maintenance of the muscular force and of the flexibility
or, even, of other important physical fitness components
related to the health, can exercise an extremely relevant
paper along the life.
In that sense, between the different types of physical exercises,
the systematized regular exercises practice of with weights
has been encouraged by some of the largest international
organizations involved with studies about the population
health (AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 1998).
The factors that affect the muscular flexibility are related
to the gender, age, warming and the day schedule; morphologic
aspects, as, for instance, the muscular hypertrophy of an
articulation depends on its use level, for that, the involvement
in regular physical exercises programs can favor the improvement
of the flexibility levels, mainly, of sedentary subjects,
because the articulations, until then little used and, probably,
shortened, they will start to receive a progressive incentive,
that will cart quite positive adaptations in medium or long
period (ALTER, 1999).
The flexibility is an important component of the neuromuscular
function, responsible for the maintenance of an adapted
width movement of the articulations, taking the youth to
move with larger easiness and effectiveness. Besides, it
facilitates the improvement in the sports techniques; increases
the mechanical capacity of the muscles and articulations,
allowing a more economical energy use; it is a preventive
factor against sport accidents (lesions, bruises, etc.)
and still propitiate conditions to develop the agility,
speed and force (ACHOUR Jr., 2000).
The flexibility is a physical quality evidenced by the movement’s
width of the different parts of the body in a certain sense
and it depends so much of the joints mobility, as of the
muscular elasticity. The muscular force can be defined as
the capacity to exercise muscular tension against a resistance
and involves mechanical and physiologic factors, that determine
the force in some particular movement (ALTER, 1999).
Among the flexibility benefits, we have the motor improvement,
the mechanical efficiency, the expressiveness and corporal
conscience and the decrease of the lesions risks (GUEDES
& GUEDES, 1992).
The decrease of the muscular force and of the flexibility
levels can gradually hinder the accomplishment of different
daily tasks. Those types of alterations can happen in adults
or senior (AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 1998).
The sedentary individual tends to have smaller flexibility
degree than the active individual, and becomes worse with
the passing years, because the flexibility level tends to
decrease and, consequently, increase the lesions risks,
pains, postural problems as well as the difficulty to accomplish
the daily activities (COELHO, 2000).
The myogenic factors are related with the muscular characteristic.
The inactivity can cause the musculature limitation, taking
to the sarcomeres decrease as adaptation. As the body returns
to the activity, the musculature enlarges the sarcomeres
again, increasing the flexibility degree (ACHOUR Jr., 2000;
GUEDES & GUEDES, 1992)
The regular practice of physical exercises programs addressed
for the development or maintenance of the muscular force
and flexibility or, even, of other important physical fitness
components related to health, can exercise relevant role
for the maintenance of the physical integrity along the
life (CYRINO et all, 2004)
The force and potency demand in the sporting modalities
and the poor attention in the flexibility development contribute
to the muscular shortening and for the muscle-tendon lesions
that, for its time, can unchain damages in the athletic
performance quality or, even cause the athletic life abandonment.
In a training of force development, if cannot be made exercises
of corresponding prolongation, negative effects will appear
about the flexibility for mechanical reasons (larger resistance
to the stretching on the part of the muscle exercised due
to the increase of its tonicity and volume) (KOMI, 2003).
Exercises that use weights to acquire force and resistance
can be related with the flexibility loss. They cause hypertrophy,
stiffen the musculature and, reduce the flexibility (MONTEIRO
& FARINATTI, 1996; WIEMANN & HAHN, 1997). Therefore,
it is important to associate exercises that promote the
force and resistance increase with others that promote the
flexibility. These associated factors increase the athletes'
performance and reduce the motor deficit in senior individuals
(HOLT et al., 1996). Cyrino and cols (2004) demonstrated,
in a study made with a group of 16 sedentary men, that the
force training of several muscular groups, accomplished
during a 10 weeks period, produced improvement of the arch
of articulations active movement and in the movements of:
flexing and shoulders extension; flexing and elbows extension;
flexing and hip extension o; lateral flexing, extension
and trunk flexing; and knee flexing. In another study accomplished
by Cortes and cols (2002) was observed that the training
against resistance produced a positive tendency in the flexibility,
in other words, the training against resistance didn't increase
the flexibility, at least maintains it. Rodrigues and Dantas
(2002) also observed in their studies that the force increase,
obtained through the training against resistance, doesn't
interfere in the flexibility.
Objective
of the Study
The study seeks to find a possible correlation between flexibility
and force resistance posterior thigh muscles of the amateur
athletes' of field soccer.
MATERIAL
AND METHOD
Selection
of the sample
The sample that refers that study will be composed by 18
voluntary adult individuals (n=18), with age between 20
and 35 years, the amateur sportsmen of the field soccer
team of the Universidade Castelo Branco, located in the
neighborhood of Realengo, Rio de Janeiro. Were excluded
individuals with osteomioarticulares diseases, apprentices
or former-apprentices of parallel physical activities, hypertension
bearers, with heart diseases, and users of stimulating or
depressive drugs.
Tool
and task
Were used in this research the following instruments: program
Fisiometer (digital goniometry) to evaluate the width of
hip movement in the flexibility test, and the apparel flexor
table to evaluate the force of posterior thighs muscles.
This last instrument measured the resistance of dynamic
force of the flexing muscles of the right knee in a task
in that the volunteers were well educated to accomplish
the maximum number of repetitions of knee flexing against
the resistance offered by 5 plates (25 Kg). The apparel
can be visualized in the pictures below.
With objective of controlling the maximum of variables,
we chose to maintain a fixed load of 25 Kg (5 plates) and
to evaluate the force resistance through the maximum number
of repetitions accomplished by the individuals, this way
we eliminated the inconveniences of the 1RM tests, that
a lot of times are accomplished at once, interfering in
the individual's real force, and of the tests with dynamometers,
that only evaluate the static force. The model of the force
/ resistance test used in the present study, showed high
correlation (r = 0.96) with the test 1RM in a research accomplished
with players of Football. In the occasion, the athletes
accomplished the supine exercise with a fixed load of 225lb
(CHAPMAN et al., 1998).
The Fisiometer program of digital goniometry was used in
order to avoid position mistakes, so common in the conventional
methods, as the manual goniometry.
Testing
procedure
Each sample component was submitted to a flexibility test
and a test of resistance force of the right posterior muscles
of the thigh.
The flexibility test was accomplished through the manual
passive prolongation of the subsequent muscles of thigh
of the right inferior member, accomplished in the following
way:
Volunteer in dorsal decubitus, left inferior member extended,
the examiner inflects the right thigh passively, with the
hip in abduction, aduction and rotation of zero degree and
the knees in extension, until the moment that the individual
tells a discomfort in the area, but before the pain, and
to execute the command of "stopping." The positioning
of the hip and of the knee should be maintained in every
width of the test. That procedure follows Dantas' (2005)
recommendation, which in the goniometry the test should
be accomplished through passive movements, until the end
of the arch movement, in the moment before the pain, without
help or resistance on the part of the appraised.
When arriving in the maximum width a picture is accomplished
in profile with a Sony Cyber-shot 3.2 mega pixels digital
machine. The picture is inserted in the Fisiometer program
of digital goniometry, where it is evaluated, in degrees,
the movement width accomplished in the hip articulation.
The axis of the digital goniometry is positioned in the
height of the larger trocânter, the static line follows
the horizontal plan and the dynamic line accompanies the
femur. The Picture 1 below exemplifies the description of
the technique in subject.
The
test of force resistance was accomplished through the execution
of the flexing movement of the right knee in a flexor table.
With the objective to controlling the maximum of variables,
we chose to maintain a fixed load of 25 Kg (5 plates) and
to evaluate the force resistance or located muscular resistance
through the maximum number of repetitions accomplished by
the individuals, because, in agreement with Yasbek Júnior
& Basttistela (1994), the force resistance is the maximum
number of times that we got to repeat an exercise with a
certain load.
Before the execution of the force resistance test, all volunteers
accomplished 15 repetitions of knee flexing in the apparel
used for the test, with load of only 5 Kg (1 plate), with
objective to know the movement. The force resistance test
was only accomplished after 4 minutes of the execution of
the movement knowledge exercise.
For execution of the force resistance test, the individuals
were well educated to accomplish the movement in a slow
way and in every width. To validate the test, was asked
to the volunteers, after the task accomplishment, if that
number of repetitions was the maximum that he could produce.
In case the answer was negative, the test was invalidated
and only after 10 minutes took place a new test.
It was requested although that the individuals didn't practice
any type of physical activity for inferior members in the
tests days, it was still explained that the test should
be executed with the maximum force, constant speed and until
the limit of their movement.
The test of force resistance was accomplished at the room
of muscular activity of the Universidade Castelo Branco
of Realengo, between 16:00h and 17:00h, of one Wednesday.
The flexibility test was also accomplished at the room of
muscular activity of the Universidade Castelo Branco of
Realengo, among 16:00h and 17:00h of wednesday, both before
the training of field soccer, with interval of 7 days betwen
a test and other.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this study we opted to consider the force resistance
variable as a dependent variable and the movement width
as independent variable. After the accomplishment of the
arch movement of and resistance force tests of the 18 participant
individuals' of the research was found the movement arch
mean of 88.7o and the medium force resistance of 15.8 repetitions,
as shown in the Table 1.
To facilitate
the understanding, the results of the force resistance tests
and movement width are presented in the Table 1, where the
first column shows the participant subjects of the research,
Second, the results of the movement width tests (in degrees)
and the third, the result of the force resistance test (number
of repetitions).
For the correlation analysis, initially the found experimental
variables were submitted to the test by the Pearson method,
through which we could verify the existence or not of functional
correlations. The obtained data were analyzed and was a
correlation of Pearson (r = - 0.24), indicating a negative
and poor significant correlation (p = 0.17) among the factors
width articulation and force resistance; in other words,
in agreement with the study, in a general way, the individuals
with larger width movement in the hip articulation presented
smaller force resistance in posterior muscle of the thigh,
but this fact cannot be considered, therefore the minimum
reliability level was not reached. The used method just
establishes a lineal statistical correlation among the variables.
This fact identified the need to study with larger depth
the low correlation origin. Like this, instead of the lineal
vision that reflects the Pearson correlation, the same verification
of the hypothetical possibility was looked for, now in a
non linear analysis.
So that we can analyze with more fidelity that possible
correlation between the articulation width and force resistance
variables, we opted to describe a non linear correlation
graph; this way, we can verify the correlation behavior
in different phases. For such, it was chosen a fourth order
polynomial of the graph of correlation curve of force resistance
and movement width, which was demonstrated more appropriate
through the correlation tests.
In the Graph 1 the relationship is observed between the
movement width and the number of the 18 participant individuals'
of the research repetitions; as already previously described
the graph curve model is of fourth order. The individuals
are acted, in the graph, through black points and the line
demonstrates the behavior of the repetitions number accomplished
by each individual in relation to his articulation width.
Through
the Graph 1 we can observe a very large variation of the
line behavior, suggesting a low correlation among the studied
variables.
The curve behavior to approximately 82º demonstrate
an inverse correlation, in other words, as smaller the articulation
width larger the number of accomplished repetitions. The
curve behavior is inverted when the width is of, approximately,
82º to 97º, indicating that the individuals with
larger articulation width accomplished larger number of
repetitions, suggesting a positive correlation.
It is right that a significant linerl correlation doesn't
exist between movement width and force resistance in the
analyzed individuals, therefore the curve behavior modifies
in different movement articulation width.
These results are going to the encounter of some theoretical
literature presuppositions, as the study accomplished by
Coutinho and Gomes (2005) that, they accomplish prolongation
sessions of 30 minutes a week three times in rats, they
observed an increase of the sarcomeres number in series,
fact already observed by DeDeyne (2001), that described
that if the muscle be positioned in a prolonged way by a
long period, it ends to adapt, increasing the sarcomeres
number in series in the myofibrils: it is call myofibrinogenesis.
In 1983, Jokl and Konstadt had already observed that the
sarcomeres can suffer modifications as for its number in
series, when the muscular fibers are positioned in a non
functional way, like this, the authors' study demonstrated
that, when immobilizing rats in shortened position, a decrease
of the sarcomeres number was observed in series inside of
the myofibrils. Kisner and Colby (2005) emphasize that the
decrease of the number of those sarcomeres in series contributes
for the muscular force decrease. Knowing that the sarcomeres
is the contractile units of the muscle (KISNER AND COLBY,
2005 and GUYTON et all, 2002), we presuppose that the more
prolonged is a muscle, larger the sarcomeres number in serious
in the muscular fiber and, consequently, adult should be
capable to generate force or even resistance. Being like
this, individuals with larger flexibility should present
more force or resistance than individuals with little flexibility,
however the flexibility is not the only factor that theoretically
can get better or to interfere in the force or muscular
resistance. However, the force or resistance generation
depends on several factors, as, for instance: the muscle
transverse secção, the type of muscular fiber,
the fibers arrangement, among others (KRAEMER AND BUSH,
2001 and LEVANGIE AND NORKIN, 2001).
The fact of a strong correlation doesn’t exist among
the studied physical factors can be explained in function
of another variable but the implicit ones in the research
for now in discussion.
Independently of the opinions above, it is reasonable if
includes a serie of variables that can usually be associated
to the force production or even at the level of any individual's
flexibility. In agreement with Kisner and Colby (2005) and
Prentice (2002), the force generated by a muscle depends
on several factors, as the transverse secção
of the muscle, fibers length, fibers types in larger number,
neuromuscular efficiency, age, among other factors. As well
as the force, the width of an articulation depends on several
factors. Coelho (2000) highlights that the factors that
more favor the reduction of the articulation width are:
little articulation use, increase of the age and hereditariness.
Prentice (2002) increases that the fat increase in areas
as the abdomen can provoke the decrease of the width of
the hip articulation, the author stands out, still, that
even the excessive increase of the muscular mass can harm
the articulation width. For Dantas (2005), the articulation
width suffers influence of the bone structures, of the accumulation
of adjacent tissue and of the muscles elasticity whose tendons
cross the articulation. As the movement width and the force
resistance are physical qualities influenced by several
endogenous and exogenous factors, these factors might have
been responsible for the result presented in this research;
therefore, it is necessary the that investigated problems
should be in other works that pursuit to the present study
to stand out. It would be interesting, in a next work, to
submit a group of individuals to a training of flexibility
of long duration and, after some weeks, to evaluate if there
were increase of force or force resistance of the prolonged
muscles. Like this, we could have a more objective criterion
to establish a correlation between flexibility and force
or force resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
It is
known that the training of force resistance should be accompanied
of a flexibility training so that it can improve the performance,
to potentiate the earnings and even preventing lesions.
In spite of seeming that it is, it is not still clear if
the level of flexibility directly influences the muscular
capacity to generate force or force resistance, once the
athletes of high level that possess great force levels demonstrate
extraordinary flexibility, what reinforces the idea that
high hypertrophy levels and muscular force are compatible
with a great flexibility.
Of the histological point of view, the modifications happened
in the muscular tissue of the subjects submitted by prolongation
force by certain period seems to be a already well developed
subject, because unanimity exists among the mentioned authors,
on the occurrence of significant alterations in the sarcomeres
number in series found in the muscular tissue, when the
segment is immobilized from way to produce a light prolongation
force. Those modifications are seen, through the microscopy,
as an increase in the number of contractile units of the
muscle disposed in series, in other words, increase of the
sarcomeres.
The results obtained in this study allowed to end that seems
that don’t exist significant correlation between movement
width of the hip articulation and force resistance of posterior
muscles of the thigh in the considered sample, constituted
by 18 individuals between 20 and 35 years, of the masculine
gender, amateur athletes of field soccer.
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